How robust is the association between smoking and depression in adults: a meta-analysis using linear mixed-effect models.

Cigarette smokers may be highly vulnerable to depression.

​The aim of this study was to assess the association between cigarette smoking and the likelihood of suffering from depression using a meta-analytic approach. A total of 85 studies were included in this meta-analysis. 

Data analysis revealed that depression was more likely to occur in current and former smokers than in never smokers. The findings of this study demonstrated a positive association between cigarette smoking and the occurrence of depression.